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年度	113	專案性質	非實驗性質
專案類別	模場試驗	研究主題	調查
申請機構	國立陽明交通大學	申請系所	環境科技與智慧系統研究中心
專案主持人	周珊珊	職等/職稱	約聘研究員
專案中文名稱	應用地下水抽出處理(P&T)系統搭配預濃縮以可再生型吸附顆粒(RAP)削減地下水中PFAS
中文關鍵字	吸附, 再生, 納濾, 地下水抽出處理, 全氟/多氟烷基化合物
專案英文名稱	Application of pump-and-treat (P&T) system coupled with pre-concentration and regenerative adsorption particles (RAP) to reduce PFAS in groundwater
英文關鍵字	adsorption, regeneration, nanofiltration, pump & treat, PFAS
執行金額	2,658,240元
執行期間	2024/12/1 至 2025/11/30
計畫中文摘要	全氟與多氟烷基化合物(PFAS)為持久性有機污染物，其具高化學穩定性且難以自然降解。台灣多處工業區地下水已檢出PFAS污染，亟需發展有效處理技術。本計畫結合四項處理單元進行地下水中PFAS濃度削減。這些單元包含地下水抽出處理系統(P&T)、預濃縮納濾膜(NF)、膜化學反應器(MCR)、及可再生型吸附顆粒(RAP)。因地下水中PFAS濃度低，本計畫以NF膜預濃縮P&T系統抽出之地下水；P&T系統具占地小、可移動及易維護等優勢。RAP為披覆貴金屬氧化物之活性碳，其兼具吸附與氧化還原功能並可再生使用。RAP搭配MCR可使RAP分布均勻、提升氧氣質傳、並有效進行固液分離，達到強化RAP吸附與催化能力並提升PFAS降解的效果。 在第一年度工作中，研究團隊藉由實驗室的吸附與催化氧化及再生試驗，發現使用RAP技術削減PFAS具一定成效，但在現地試驗時則發現RAP以網袋填充的設計會造成質傳效果不佳，導致現地PFAS削減成效不如預期。後續實驗發現若改以NF模組濃縮水樣後再進行RAP單元，則可進一步將PFOS濃度由1 ppm降至0.2 ppm，證實NF前濃縮搭配RAP具有提升整體PFAS削減的潛力。 本年度(第二年)工作中，研究團隊藉由實驗室實驗結果發現RAP削減PFAS之最佳操作條件為水力停留時間12小時、添加100 mg/L雙氧水及RAP填充10%。此外，RAP的再活化以次氯酸鈉為氧化促進劑有最好的效果，且臭氧或雙氧水亦可作為備用選項。模場結果顯示，NF預濃縮串接RAP/MCR系統之PFOA去除率達60.6~92.8%，PFOS達79.8~99.4%，優於第一年成果，具穩定操作與顯著水質改善成效。本研究所建立之系統整體處理成本僅6.94元/m³，顯著低於過去文獻中膜分離–吸附處理程序之8.54～39.9元/m³。碳排部分，處理每噸水的碳排放量僅0.521 kg CO₂e，遠低於傳統活性碳吸附的1.42 kg CO₂e，展現高效、穩定、低成本，並兼具環境永續性優勢。
計畫英文摘要	Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants with hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, as well as high chemical and thermal stability, making them resistant to natural degradation and potentially harmful to human health. PFAS contamination has been detected in groundwater near several industrial areas in Taiwan, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatment technologies. This project integrates four treatment units to reduce PFAS concentrations in groundwater, including a pump-and-treat (P&T) system, a nanofiltration (NF) pre-concentration unit, a membrane chemical reactor (MCR), and a regenerative adsorption particles (RAP) system. Because PFAS concentrations in groundwater are typically low, the withdrawn water from the P&T system is first concentrated using NF membranes; the P&T system offers advantages such as a small footprint, mobility, and ease of maintenance. RAP consists of activated carbon coated with noble metal oxides, providing combined adsorption and redox functionality with the ability to be regenerated. Coupling RAP with the MCR allows uniform RAP distribution, enhances oxygen mass transfer, and enables efficient solid–liquid separation, thereby strengthening the adsorption and catalytic performance of RAP and improving PFAS degradation efficiency. In the first-year work, laboratory adsorption, catalytic oxidation, and regeneration tests demonstrated that the RAP technology was effective in reducing PFAS concentrations. However, field trials revealed that packing RAP in mesh bags limited mass transfer, resulting in lower-than-expected PFAS removal. Subsequent tests showed that when groundwater was first concentrated by the NF module before entering the RAP unit, PFOS concentrations could be reduced from 1 ppm to 0.2 ppm, confirming that NF pre-concentration combined with RAP has strong potential for enhancing overall PFAS removal. In the current (second-year) work, laboratory experiments identified the optimal RAP operating conditions as a 12-hour hydraulic retention time, 100 mg/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and 10% RAP packing ratio. Sodium hypochlorite was found to be the most effective oxidant for RAP reactivation, with ozone and hydrogen peroxide serving as alternative options. Pilot-scale results showed that the integrated NF–RAP/MCR system achieved PFOA removal efficiencies of 60.6–92.8% and PFOS removal of 79.8–99.4%, representing significant improvement over the first-year results and demonstrating stable operation and substantial water-quality enhancement. The total treatment cost of the developed system was only NT$6.94 per m³, markedly lower than the reported 8.54–39.9 NT$/m³ for conventional membrane–adsorption processes. In terms of carbon emissions, the carbon footprint for treating each ton of water generated only 0.521 kg CO₂e, far lower than the 1.42 kg CO₂e of traditional activated carbon adsorption. The system is highly efficient, stable, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable.